Environmental Change and Vulnerability: Lessons from Vietnam and the Indochina Region
Hoa Binh Hotel, 27 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
4-5th April 1998
Organized by
Dr Mick Kelly1,2 and Dr Neil Adger1
1Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment and 2Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
and
Dr Nguyen Huu Ninh
Center for Environment Research Education and Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
and
Global Environment Programme, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Supported by
Economic and Social Research Council
British Council
Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO)
Summary | Schedule and abstracts | Participants
Summary
As the 20th century draws to a close, Vietnam and the neighbouring countries of Indochina face a twin challenge. These nations must maintain economic growth while coping with the emerging threat of global environmental change. To achieve sustainable development, effective management of the physical environment must be a high priority.
This conference Environmental Change and Vulnerability: Lessons from Vietnam and the Indochina Region brought together leading academic and policy-makers from Vietnam and other countries in Southeast Asia and from Australasia and Europe. Professor Dao Trong Thi, Vice President, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, and His Excellency David Fall, British Ambassador to Vietnam, formally opened the meeting.
Abstracts of most of the papers presented at the conference are available as well as a full list of participants.
Involving 100 invited researchers and policy-makers, the conference identified key issues concerning environment and development policy, focusing on the relevance of global environmental change to Vietnam and its neighbours in the Indochina region.
Conference organiser Dr Nguyen Huu Ninh of the Center for Environment Research Education and Development and Hanoi University of Science said, “This meeting shows that Vietnam is playing its part in the global community in responding to the threat of global change. International cooperation is essential.”
The meeting discussed “win-win” approaches — ways in which action to reduce vulnerability to present-day environmental hazards can also limit the longer-term threat of global environmental change. According to conference organiser Mick Kelly of the University of East Anglia, “The present-day is the priority, but we must also think long-term if we are to leave our children a healthy environment.”
The discussion placed Vietnamese experience in the regional context of Southeast Asia, enabling the nations of Indochina to find mutual benefit in sharing expertise, comparing policy lessons and planning future cooperation. A meeting to discuss the proposed Indochina Global Change Network took place at the time of the conference.
Perhaps a fortuitous omen, on the evening of the final day of the conference, April 5th, the giant turtles that live in Hoan Kiem Lake in the centre of Hanoi made a rare appearance and were sighted by some of the conference participants. Mick Kelly and Sarah Granich photographed one giant turtle in November 1991 on their first visit to Hanoi.
Participants at the conference drew a number of conclusions regarding research and policy lessons.
Research lessons
1. The challenge of integrating natural and social sciences for enhanced understanding of the processes of change is urgent. This conclusion recognises the role of basic research in both domains. In other words, there is a need to understand the social and economic processes by which resources are managed and utilised, rather than adopting social scientific analysis alone as a means to implement goals or objectives. Similarly, basic research on environmental change requires building on the knowledge of traditional and technological sources.
2. Historical and present-day data and analysis are required to develop the insights required for examining both local and global environmental change. The rich knowledge of the experience of coping with past environmental challenges in Vietnam and the Indochina region should be built upon, since many future scenarios of change resonate with those of the present and the past.
3. A number of specific research issues that demonstrate the cross-cutting and interdisciplinary nature of environmental issues and the sciences applied to them were discussed at the conference. These included:
- The impact of both globalisation and of regionalisation as a challenge to environmental management and policy.
- Changes in tastes and behaviour. Culture, perceptions and behaviour often tend to be held constant in analysis of responses to environmental change. But careful analysis of emerging social and cultural change is relevant for understanding the likely development trajectory under the Vietnamese conditions of rapid social and economic transition.
- Unexpected consequences of environmental change. The role of surprise in environmental policy and of adaptive management in many natural systems was highlighted throughout the discussions. Experience of such management was presented in many case studies in the Vietnamese and regional context.
- The complex relationship that exists in Vietnam, and throughout South East Asia, between the fast growing growth poles centred around urban centres and the rural economy. The agricultural base of the Vietnamese economy, and of many countries in Indochina, remains pivotal in the evoluton of a sustainable and eqitable society.
Policy lessons
1. The sustainable management of natural resources is dependent on a diverse range of conditions being met, including considerations of equity and empowerment as well as informed decision-making and institutional responsibility. Many of these concerns are directly manifest in the issue of property rights to natural resources including agricultural land, forest land and marine and coastal resources. The conference discussed these concerns at length, concluding that a diversity of solutions based on a range of experiences is required for each particular case and set of environmental circumstances. There is no blueprint for appropriate property rights in land allocation: solutions must be sensitive to historical and recently evolving local management of resources.
2. Policies should be promoted which promote resilience to external stresses resulting not only from global environmental change and related threshold changes, but also from market forces and readjustments such as those experienced under the economic crisis in Asia in 1997.
3. It may well be necessary to initiate action in advance of scientific knowledge. It is not sufficient for researchers to state that the knowledge base is too sparse for decision-making on environmental management since many critical decisions require immediate action, particularly in the light of rapid changes in the region. Research should, therefore, assist in the direction of precautionary action by policy-makers, particularly when concerned with appropriate responses to the kind of unexpected consequences of environmental change discussed above.
It is worth noting here that the distinction between research and policy can be misleading. Environmental policy often encounters unexpected outcomes because of a lack of knowledge both of environmental systems and the social and implications of policy, and research, to be relevant and appropriate, needs constant reference to the policy context.
In summary, the conference:
- brought together leading policy-makers and academics from within Vietnam and British and continental European researchers who have studied critical global change issues both in Vietnam and the Indochina region for positive discussion on issues and future directions for policy and research;
- identified key policy issues concerning future environment and development policy; and
- disseminated this knowledge to key national institutions and key international agencies in the context of Vietnam's political evolution and of the rapid economic and social changes affecting the region and their implications for global environmental change.
The organisers would like to thank all the participants for the stimulating discussions that developed at the meeting and for their openness in learning from the diversity of experience at the conference. We hope that this short report reflects the positive and friendly spirit of the conference.
The organisers also thank the staff of the Hoa Binh Hotel, and particularly Truong Dinh Thanh, for their willing assistance throughout the conference and Sarah Granich, Nguyen Thi Hai, Luong Quang Huy, Cecilia Luttrell, Nguyen Hoang Oanh, Ngo Cam Thanh and Ngo Ngoc Thanh for managing the conference.
Finally, the organisers acknowledge the invaluable support of the conference sponsors: the Economic and Social Research Council, the British Council and the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO).
The conference has built on research on vulnerability to global change over the past three years funded by the Economic and Social Research Council under the Global Environmental Change Programme and a series of collaborative projects between the University of East Anglia and the Center for Environment Research Education and Development in Hanoi and the Hanoi University of Science since 1991.
It is hoped that the meeting reflects the start of a broader process of learning and research for the participants and the wider research communities in Vietnam, the Southeast Asian region and further afield.
Papers presented at the conference
Session 1: Opening addresses and policy context
Welcome and policy context. Professor Dao Trong Thi, Vice President of Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Welcome address. His Excellency, David Fall, British Ambassador to Vietnam.
The challenge of global environmental change. Dr. Mick Kelly, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
Global environmental change research in Vietnam. Dr. Nguyen Huu Ninh, Member, Southeast Asian Regional Committee for START (Global Systems Analysis Research and Training), Global Environment Programme, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam, and Center for Environment Research Education and Development, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Session 2: Ensuring environmental security
Sustainable development: an international perspective. Dr. Andrew Steer, World Bank, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Environmental change in Vietnam. Dr. Tran Viet Lien, Climate Research Center, Vietnam Hydrometeorological Service, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Social vulnerability, security and environmental change. Dr. Neil Adger and Dr. Mick Kelly, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
Application of meteorological satellite data for sustainable development and natural disaster monitoring. Dr. Hoang Minh Hien, Satellite Meteorology Division, National Center for Hydrometeorological Forecasting, Vietnam Hydrometeorological Service, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Session 3: Natural resources and environmental change
Forest land allocation, institutional changes and forest cover. Dr. Davide Pettenella, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Melaleuca forest and wetland management in the Mekong Delta. Mr. Duong Van Ni, Cantho University, Cantho, Vietnam, and Royal Holloway and New Bedford College, London, United Kingdom, and Dr. Roger Safford and Dr Edward Maltby, Royal Holloway and New Bedford College, London, United Kingdom.
Mangrove ecosystems and their importance in coastal Vietnam. Dr. Nguyen Hoang Tri, Mangrove Ecosystem Research Division, CRES, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Erosion and aggregation in the coastal zone. Dr. Mai Trong Nhuan, Hanoi University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Session 4: The sustainable development process
Sustainable agriculture in the uplands of Vietnam and Thailand - attitudes, constraints and priorities of ethnic minorities. Dr. Andreas Neef, University of Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany.
Industrialisation and pollution in Southeast Asia: the impact of trade and investment strategies. Dr. Rhys Jenkins, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
Sustainable urbanisation. Professor David Smith, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Session 5: Global environmental change and sustainable development
Global environmental change research in Southeast Asia. Dr. Jariya Boonjawat, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Environmental change in Southeast Asia: causes and consequences. Dr. Louis Lebel, Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems International Project Office, Canberra, Australia.
Prospects for sustainable development. Dr. Nguyen Huu Ninh, Global Environment Programme, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam, and Center for Environment Research Education and Development, Hanoi, Vietnam, and Senior Engineer Nguyen Ngoc Binh, Forestry Science Institute of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Participants
Dr. W. Neil ADGER, School of Environmental Sciences and Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom. Tel: 44 1603 593732. Fax: 44 1603 250588. Email: n.adger@uea.ac.uk.
Dr. Nguyen Viet ANH, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering (HUCE), 5 Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8581419. Fax: 84 4 8583061.
Mr. Frederik BALFOUR, Agence France - Presse, 76 Ngo Quyen, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8267306. Fax: 84 4 8266032. Email: fredbalf@netnam.org.vn.
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc BINH, Forest Science Institute of Vietnam, 1A Nguyen Cong Tru, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 89710972. Fax: 84 4 89710972.
Dr. Nguyen Trong BINH, Forest Science Institute of Vietnam, 1A Nguyen Cong Tru, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8210176. Fax: 84 4 8252542.
Dr. Jariya BOONJAWAT, Technical Director, SEA START RC, Institute of Enviromental Research, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Tel: 66 2 2188126. Fax: 66 2 2554967. Email: jariya@start.or.th.
Mr. Nguyen Quoc CHINH, Ha Noi Moi Newspaper, 44 Le Thai To, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8253067. Fax: 84 4 8248054.
Dr. Nguyen The CHINH, Center for Environmental Economics and Regional Development (CEERD), Department of Environmental Economy and Management, Hanoi National Economic University, Giai Phong, Ha Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8694937. Fax: 84 4 8693368.
Dr. Phan Tu DIEN, University of Education and Training
Dr. Dao Nhat DINH, Royal Danish Embassy, 19 Dien Bien Phu, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8231888. Fax: 84 4 8231999. Email: ambadane@hn.vnn.vn.
Mr. Vu DOAN, Director, Xuan Thuy Ramsar Reserve, Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam. Tel: 84 35 825125. Fax: 84 35 825476.
Mr. Nguyen Ngoc DONG, National Project Director, Disaster Management Unit, United Nations Development Programme and Vietnam Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 164 Tran Quang Khai, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8241072. Fax: 84 4 8241795. Email: dmu@netnam.org.vn.
Dr. Chu DUC, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8581135. Fax: 84 4 8583061.
Mr. Van DUNG, Vietnam Television, 59 Giang Vo, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8343189. Fax: 84 4 8355332.
Mr. Michael D. EILAND, American Embassy, 7 Lang Ha, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8431500. Fax: 84 4 8431510. Email: eilanddmd@hanoiwpob.us-state.gov.
Dr. Wolfram ERHARDT, Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 490A, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. Tel: 49 711 4592581. Fax: 49 711 4592582. Email: erhardtw@uni-hohenheim.de.
Mr. Keith FOSTER, Marine Protected Area Coordinator, IUCN-The World Conservation Union, 13 Tran Hung Dao, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8330012/3. Fax: 84 4 8258794. Email: iucnvn@bdvn.vnmail.vnd.net.
Mr. Hans FRIEDERICH, Director, IUCN-The World Conservation Union, 13 Tran Hung Dao, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8330012/3. Fax: 84 4 8258794. Email: iucnvn@bdvn.vnmail.vnd.net.
Ms. Sarah GRANICH, Tiempo, 7 Ames Court, Cawston, Norwich NR10 4QD, United Kingdom. Email: m.kelly@uea.ac.uk.
Dr. Peter GUY, Project Manager, Vietnam-Canada Environment Project, 39 Tran Hung Dao, Hanoi,Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8255312. Fax: 84 4 8259003. Email: vcep@netnam.org,vn.
Mrs. Nguyen Thi HAI, Centre for Environment Research, Education and Development (CERED), A01, K40, Giang Vo, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 851 5213. Fax: 84 4 851 5213. Email: cered@netnam.org.vn.
Dr. Franz HEIDHUES, Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 490A, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany. Tel: 49 711 4592581. Fax: 49 711 4593934. Email: heidhues@uni-hohenheim.de.
Dr. Hoang Minh HIEN, Head, Satellite Meteorology Division, Hydrometeorological Service, 4 Dang Thai Than, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8261187. Fax: 84 4 8254278. Email: hmh@netnam.vn.
Mr. Pham Khac HIEN, Director, Department of Science, Technology and Environment, Hatay Province, 7 Nguyen Trai, Ha Dong Town, Ha Dong District, Hatay Province, Vietnam. Tel: 84 34 824207. Fax: 84 34 825374.
Mr. Ngoc HIEU, Vietnam Television, 59 Giang Vo, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8343189. Fax: 84 4 8355332.
Prof. Pham Ngoc HO, Head, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai St. Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8584995. Fax: 84 4 8584995.
Dr. Tran Huy HO, Vice Director, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8587781. Fax: 84 4 8583061.
Prof. Nguyen HOAN, Director, Department of Sciences-Technoloy and Post Graduate Training, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8585277. Fax: 84 4 8583061.
Mr. Nguyen Lam HOE, Center for Environment Research, Education and Development, A01, K40, Giang Vo, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8515213. Fax: 84 4 8515213. Email: cered@netnam.org.vn.
Mr. Nguyen Phuc HOI, Vice-Director, Xuan Thuy Ramsar Reserve, Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam. Tel: 84 35 825125. Fax: 84 35 825476.
Dr. Pham Quang HUNG, Vietnam National University, Caugiay Avenue, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Mr. Than Duc HUONG, Central Economic Commission, 10 Nguyen Canh Chan, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8454190. Fax: 84 4 7330000.
Mr. Tran Ngoc HUONG, Programme Officer, Development Cooperation, The Royal Netherlands Embassy, Building D1, Van Phuc, Diplomatic Compound, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8430605. Fax: 84 4 8431013.
Ms. Trinh Thi Thu HUONG, Programme Coordinator - SCF/UK, 218 Doi Can, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8325319. Fax: 84 4 8325073.
Mr. Nguyen Doan HUU, Vietnam National University, Caugiay Avenue, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8340569. Fax: 84 4 8340724.
Mr. Luong Quang HUY, Centre for Environment Research, Education and Development (CERED), A01, K40, Giang Vo, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8515213. Fax: 84 4 8515213. Email: cered@netnam.org.vn.
Dr. Rhys O. JENKINS, School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom. Tel: 44 1603 592330. Fax: 44 1603 451999. Email: r.o.jenkins@uea.ac.uk.
Mr. Gordon JOHNSON, Senior Environmental Officer, UNDP, 25 Phan Boi Chau, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8257495/ 4254. Fax: 84 4 8259267/ 8674.
Dr. P. Mick KELLY, Climatic Research Unit and Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom. Tel: 44 1603 592722. Fax: 44 1603 507784. Email: m.kelly@uea.ac.uk.
Mr. Nguyen Dai KHANH, Senior Expert, International Cooperation Department, Vietnam Hydrometeorological Service, 4 Dang Thai Than, Hanoi, Vietnam.. Tel: 84 4 8264087. Fax: 84 4 8260779.
Prof. Le Vu KHOI, Head, Department of Scientific and Technology, Vietnam National University, Caugiay Avenue, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8340564. Fax: 84 4 8340724.
Ms. Andrea KILGOUR, Department of Geography, Roxby Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom. Tel: 44 151 7942858. Fax: 44 151 7942866. Email: kilgour@liv.ac.uk.
Mr. Do Thanh LAM, Oxfam-UKI, 218 Doi Can, La Thanh Hotel, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8325491. Fax: 84 4 832 5247. Email: oxfamuki@netnam.org.vn.
Dr. Louis LEBEL, Impacts Centre Overall Coordinator, GCTE Core Project Office, CSIRO Division of Wildlife & Ecology, PO Box 84, Lyneham, ACT 2602, Australia. Tel: 61 6 2421619. Fax: 61 6 2412362. Email: llebel@dataserv.com.au.
Dr. Tran Viet LIEN, Director, Climate Research Center, Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Lang Trung, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8357159. Fax: 84 4 8355993. Email: lien@crc-imh.ac.vn.
Dr. Adrian LONG, Manager, Asia Programme, Birdlife International Vietnam Programme, 293B Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8517217. Fax: 84 4 8517217. Email: birdlife@netnam.org.vn.
Mr. Nguyen Van LUC, Ha Noi Moi Newspaper, 71 Hang Trong St. Hanoi. Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8254231. Fax: 84 4 8255593.
Ms. Annette LUIBRAND, Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim (490 A), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. Email: annette@netnam.org.vn.
Ms. Cecilia LUTTRELL, Centre for Social and Environmental Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom. Tel: 44 1225 335096. Fax: 44 1603 593739. Email: c.luttrell@uea.ac.uk.
Prof. Nguyen Van MAU, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8584529. Fax: 84 4 8583061.
Dr. Daniel MURDIYARSO, BIOTROP-GCTE Southeast Asian Impacts Centre (IC-SEA), SEAMEO BIOTROP,, Jalan Raya Tajur, Km 6, P.O. Box 116, Bogor, Indonesia. Tel: 62 251 371655. Fax: 62 251 371656. Email: biotrop@indo.net.id.
Mr. Uon NAROM, Royal Cambodian Embassy, 71 Tran Hung Dao, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8256473. Fax: 84 4 8265225.
Dr. Andreas NEEF, Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim (490 A), 70593 Stuttgart, Germany. Tel: 49 711 4592548. Fax: 49 711 4592582. Email: neef@uni-hohenheim.de.
Mr. Phan Duy NGA, Head, Department of International Relations, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8581419. Fax: 84 4 8583061.
Dr. Nguyen Hoang NGHIA, Head, International Cooperation Division, Forest Science Institute of Vietnam, Chem, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8362232. Fax: 84 4 8345722. Email: nghia@iad-fsiv.ac.vn.
Prof. Tran Van NHAN, Vice Director, Center for Environmental Science and Technology, Hanoi University of Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8691466. Fax: 84 4 8693551. Email: nhan@cest.edu.vn.
Ms. Phan Quynh NHU, DOSTE, Hanoi, 67 Ba Trieu, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8226672. Fax: 84 4 8227591.
Prof. Mai Trong NHUAN, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8588739. Fax: 84 4 8583061.
Mr. Duong Van NI, Project Manager, Cantho University, Can Tho City, Can Tho Province, Vietnam. Tel: 84 71 832395. Fax: 84 71 831270.
Dr. Nguyen Huu NINH, Vietnam National University/CERED, A01, K40 Giang Vo, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8515213. Fax: 84 4 8515213. Email: cered@netnam.org.vn.
Dr. Davide PETTENELLA, Dipart.Territorio e Sistemi Agro-forestali Agripolis, University of Padova, I-35020 Legnaro PD, Italy. Tel: 39 49 8272741. Fax: 39 49 8272772. Email: dpettene@ux1.unipd.it.
Mr. Sitha PHOUYAVONG, Deputy Director, Department of Integrated Natural Resources Data, Science and Technology Information, P.O. Box 2279, Vientiane, Lao PDR. Tel: 856 21 222752. Fax: 856 21 213472. Email: sitha@steno.gov.la.
Mr. Do Lan PHUONG, Head, Department of Document, Institute of Culture and Art Studies, Ministry of Culture Information, O Cho Dua, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 5111094. Fax: 84 4 5111095.
Prof. Pham Binh QUYEN, Deputy Director, Center for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies (CRES), Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Str., Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8262932. Fax: 84 4 8262932. Email: cres@cres.ac.vn.
Mr. Long RITHIRAK, Ministry of Environment, #48, Samdech Preah Sihanouk, Tonle Basac, Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Tel: 855 23 427901. Fax: 855 23427844. Email: minenvlb@forum.org.kh..
Mr. Shane ROSENTHAL, Environment Adviser, The World Bank, 53 Tran Phu, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8432461. Fax: 84 4 8432471. Email: srosenthal@worldbank.org.
Dr. Marshall SILVER, Disaster Management Unit, United Nations Development Programme, 3 Ngo Quyen, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8253029. Fax: 84 4 8253704. Email: msilver@netnam.org.vn.
Dr. David W. SMITH, Department of Geography, Roxby Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom. Tel: 44 151 7942851. Fax: 44 151 7942866. Email: d.w.smith@liverpool.ac.uk.
Dr. Andrew STEER, Vietnam Country Director, The World Bank, 53 Tran Phu, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8432461. Fax: 84 4 8432471. Email: asteer@worldbank.org.
Dr. Bert STERLING, Disaster Management Unit UNDP VIE/93/031, 166 Tran Quang Khai, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8241072. Fax: 84 4 8241795. Email: dmu@netnam.org.vn.
Mr. Tran Thi Bang TAM, Land and Water Management, Hanoi Agriculture University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Mr. Nguyen Huu TANG, Vice Chairman, Central Commission of Science and Education, 7 Nguyen Canh Chan St. Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8234151. Fax: 84 4 8333722.
Dr Tran Kong TAU, Deputy-Dean, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Hanoi University of Sciences, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8584995. Fax: 84 4 8583061.
Dr. Nguyen Thi Kim THAI, Vice Director, International Relations Office, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering (HUCE), 5 Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8692302. Fax: 84 4 8691684. Email: nkthai@netnam.org.vn.
Mr. Nguyen Van THANG, Deputy Director, Climate Research Centre, Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Lang Trung, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8359415. Fax: 84 4 8355993. Email: thang@crc-imh.ac.vn.
Mrs. Ngo Cam THANH, Center for Environment Research, Education and Development (CERED), A01, K40, Giang Vo, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8515213. Fax: 84 4 8515213. Email: cered@netnam.org.vn.
Ms. Ngo Ngoc THANH, Centre for Environment Research, Education and Development (CERED), A01, K40, Giang Vo, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8515213. Fax: 84 4 8515213. Email: cered@netnam.org.vn.
Mr. Nguyen Canh THANH, Centre for Environment Research, Education and Development (CERED), A01, K40, Giang Vo, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8515213. Fax: 84 4 8515213. Email: cered@netnam.org.vn.
Prof. Dao Trong THI, Vice President, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8340571. Fax: 84 4 8340724.
Prof. Duong Duc TIEN, Global Environment Programme, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8584734. Fax: 84 4 8583061.
Dr. Dang Nhu TOAN, Hanoi National Economic University, Center for Environmental Economics and Regional Development (CEERD), Giai Phong, Ha Ba Trung District, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8694937. Fax: 84 4 8693368.
Mr. Mai Ngoc TOAN, Hanoi National Economic University, Center for Environmental Economics and Regional Development (CEERD), Giai Phong, Ha Ba Trung District, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8694937. Fax: 84 4 8693368.
Dr. Nguyen Hoang TRI, Mangrove Ecosystem Research Division, Center for Natural Resources and Enviromental Studies (CRES), Vietnam National University, 164B Ngo Thinh Hao 1, Ton Duc Thang, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 7320207. Fax: 84 4 7320277. Email: hoangtri@netnam.org.vn.
Dr. Vu Ngoc TU, Director, International Relations Department, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8245164. Fax: 84 4 8245507. Email: vandao@vnu.ac.vn.
Mr. Le Xuan TUAN, Mangrove Ecosystem Research Division, Center for Natural Resources and Enviromental Studies (CRES), Vietnam National University, 164B Ngo Thinh Hao 1, Ton Duc Thang, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 7320207. Fax: 84 4 7320277. Email: merd@netnam.org.vn.
Mr. Vu Quang TUAN, Vietnam Television, 59 Giang Vo, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 343189. Fax: 84 4 8355332.
Mr. Le TUNG, Vietnam Television, 59 Giang Vo, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 343189. Fax: 84 4 8355332.
Dr. Dang Huy UYEN, Faculty of Physics, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8542723. Fax: 84 4 8583061.
Prof. Nguyen Trong UYEN, Head, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8212377.
Prof. Pham Hung VIET, Director, Centre of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, T3 Building, 90 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8587964. Fax: 84 4 8259617.
Mr. Hoang Ngoc VINH, Deputy Director, Agricultural Agency, Central Economic Commission, 10 Nguyen Canh Chan, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 08045451 (mobile). Fax: 84 4 7330000.
Prof. Vu Van VU, Dean, Faculty of Biology, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8584734. Fax: 84 4 8582069. Email: vvvu@bio-hu-ac.vn.
Dr. Kieu Thi XIN, Head, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 90 Nguyen Trai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8584945. Fax: 84 4 8583061. Email: xin@meteo.hu-ac.vn.
Dr. Paul ZETTER, British Council, 18b Cao Ba Quat, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel: 84 4 8436780. Fax: 84 4 8434962. Email: paul.zetter@bc-hanoi.sprint.com.